Introductory chemistry
Every section, taught from the ground up.
Original lessons mapped to the section outline of Tro, Introductory Chemistry, 7th edition in SI units. Not the textbook, and not affiliated with the publisher. Work a section, then prove it with two checks.
1The Chemical WorldWhat chemistry studies, how chemists argue from evidence, and how to read data.0/5
2Measurement and Problem SolvingScientific notation, significant figures, SI units, conversions, and density.0/11
- 2.1The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error8 min
- 2.2Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers10 min
- 2.3Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision12 min
- 2.4Significant Figures in Calculations12 min
- 2.5The Basic Units of Measurement10 min
- 2.6Problem Solving and Unit Conversion12 min
- 2.7Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems12 min
- 2.8Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator12 min
- 2.9Units Raised to a Power12 min
- 2.10Density12 min
- 2.11Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map10 min
3Matter and EnergyStates, classification, physical and chemical change, and heat.0/12
- 3.1In Your Room6 min
- 3.2What Is Matter?8 min
- 3.3Classifying Matter According to Its State8 min
- 3.4Classifying Matter According to Its Composition12 min
- 3.5Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties9 min
- 3.6Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes10 min
- 3.7Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter9 min
- 3.8Energy10 min
- 3.9Energy and Chemical and Physical Change9 min
- 3.10Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms10 min
- 3.11Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity11 min
- 3.12Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations12 min
4Atoms and ElementsAtomic structure, the periodic table, ions, isotopes, and atomic mass.0/9
- 4.1Experiencing the Atoms at Tiburon7 min
- 4.2Indivisible: The Atomic Theory9 min
- 4.3The Nuclear Atom9 min
- 4.4The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons10 min
- 4.5Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons8 min
- 4.6Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table12 min
- 4.7Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons12 min
- 4.8Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies10 min
- 4.9Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element's Atoms12 min
5Molecules and CompoundsFormulas, ionic and molecular compounds, naming, and formula mass.0/11
- 5.1Sugar and Salt8 min
- 5.2Compounds Display Constant Composition8 min
- 5.3Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds10 min
- 5.4A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds9 min
- 5.5Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds12 min
- 5.6Nomenclature: Naming Compounds8 min
- 5.7Naming Ionic Compounds12 min
- 5.8Naming Molecular Compounds10 min
- 5.9Naming Acids10 min
- 5.10Nomenclature Summary9 min
- 5.11Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit12 min
6Chemical CompositionThe mole, molar mass, mass percent, and empirical formulas.0/9
- 6.1How Much Sodium?7 min
- 6.2Counting Nails by the Kilogram8 min
- 6.3Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms10 min
- 6.4Counting Molecules by the Gram12 min
- 6.5Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors12 min
- 6.6Mass Percent Composition of Compounds10 min
- 6.7Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula11 min
- 6.8Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds14 min
- 6.9Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds11 min
7Chemical ReactionsEquations, solubility, precipitation, acids, and redox classification.0/10
- 7.1Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents7 min
- 7.2Evidence of a Chemical Reaction8 min
- 7.3The Chemical Equation9 min
- 7.4How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations14 min
- 7.5Aqueous Solutions and Solubility11 min
- 7.6Precipitation Reactions11 min
- 7.7Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution12 min
- 7.8Acid–Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions12 min
- 7.9Oxidation–Reduction Reactions11 min
- 7.10Classifying Chemical Reactions10 min
8Quantities in Chemical ReactionsStoichiometry, limiting reactants, percent yield, and enthalpy.0/7
- 8.1Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide8 min
- 8.2Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients8 min
- 8.3Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions10 min
- 8.4Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions12 min
- 8.5More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield12 min
- 8.6Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses14 min
- 8.7Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction12 min
9Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic TableLight, orbitals, electron configurations, and periodic trends.0/9
- 9.1Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom7 min
- 9.2Light: Electromagnetic Radiation10 min
- 9.3The Electromagnetic Spectrum9 min
- 9.4The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits9 min
- 9.5The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals10 min
- 9.6Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations13 min
- 9.7Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table12 min
- 9.8The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model8 min
- 9.9Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character12 min
10Chemical BondingLewis structures, shape, electronegativity, and polarity.0/8
- 10.1Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs8 min
- 10.2Representing Valence Electrons with Dots9 min
- 10.3Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred9 min
- 10.4Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared10 min
- 10.5Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds14 min
- 10.6Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule10 min
- 10.7Predicting the Shapes of Molecules13 min
- 10.8Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don't Mix12 min
11GasesKinetic theory, the gas laws, mixtures, and gas stoichiometry.0/10
- 11.1Extra-Long Straws7 min
- 11.2Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases9 min
- 11.3Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions10 min
- 11.4Boyle's Law: Pressure and Volume11 min
- 11.5Charles's Law: Volume and Temperature11 min
- 11.6The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature10 min
- 11.7Avogadro's Law: Volume and Moles9 min
- 11.8The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles13 min
- 11.9Mixtures of Gases11 min
- 11.10Gases in Chemical Reactions12 min
12Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular ForcesWhy molecules stick, change state, and form different solids.0/8
- 12.1Spherical Water7 min
- 12.2Properties of Liquids and Solids8 min
- 12.3Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity9 min
- 12.4Evaporation and Condensation11 min
- 12.5Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation9 min
- 12.6Types of Intermolecular Forces12 min
- 12.7Types of Crystalline Solids10 min
- 12.8Water: A Remarkable Molecule9 min
13SolutionsDissolving, concentration, dilution, colligative properties, and osmosis.0/10
- 13.1Tragedy in Cameroon7 min
- 13.2Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures8 min
- 13.3Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water11 min
- 13.4Solutions of Gases in Water9 min
- 13.5Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent10 min
- 13.6Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity12 min
- 13.7Solution Dilution10 min
- 13.8Solution Stoichiometry12 min
- 13.9Solution Concentration and Freezing and Boiling11 min
- 13.10Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration10 min
14Acids and BasesDefinitions, strength, pH, titration, and buffers.0/10
- 14.1Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies7 min
- 14.2Acids: Properties and Examples8 min
- 14.3Bases: Properties and Examples8 min
- 14.4Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases10 min
- 14.5Reactions of Acids and Bases10 min
- 14.6Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base12 min
- 14.7Strong and Weak Acids and Bases11 min
- 14.8Water: Acid and Base in One10 min
- 14.9The pH and pOH Scales12 min
- 14.10Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change11 min
15Chemical EquilibriumRates, K, Le Châtelier, solubility product, and catalysts.0/12
- 15.1Life: Controlled Disequilibrium7 min
- 15.2The Rate of a Chemical Reaction10 min
- 15.3The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium9 min
- 15.4The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes12 min
- 15.5Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid9 min
- 15.6Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants12 min
- 15.7Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier's Principle9 min
- 15.8The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium9 min
- 15.9The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium9 min
- 15.10The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium10 min
- 15.11The Solubility-Product Constant11 min
- 15.12The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst10 min
16Oxidation and ReductionOxidation states, half-reactions, batteries, electrolysis, and corrosion.0/8
- 16.1The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?7 min
- 16.2Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions9 min
- 16.3Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping12 min
- 16.4Balancing Redox Equations13 min
- 16.5The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions10 min
- 16.6Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity11 min
- 16.7Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry9 min
- 16.8Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions9 min
17Radioactivity and Nuclear ChemistryNuclear decay, half-life, fission, fusion, and radiation in medicine.0/11
- 17.1Diagnosing Appendicitis7 min
- 17.2The Discovery of Radioactivity7 min
- 17.3Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay12 min
- 17.4Detecting Radioactivity8 min
- 17.5Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life12 min
- 17.6Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils10 min
- 17.7The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb8 min
- 17.8Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity9 min
- 17.9Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun8 min
- 17.10The Effects of Radiation on Life9 min
- 17.11Radioactivity in Medicine9 min
18Organic ChemistryCarbon frameworks, isomers, names, functional groups, and polymers.0/17
- 18.1What Do I Smell?7 min
- 18.2Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic7 min
- 18.3Carbon: A Versatile Atom8 min
- 18.4Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen8 min
- 18.5Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons9 min
- 18.6Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure10 min
- 18.7Naming Alkanes12 min
- 18.8Alkenes and Alkynes10 min
- 18.9Hydrocarbon Reactions9 min
- 18.10Aromatic Hydrocarbons8 min
- 18.11Functional Groups9 min
- 18.12Alcohols9 min
- 18.13Ethers7 min
- 18.14Aldehydes and Ketones9 min
- 18.15Carboxylic Acids and Esters10 min
- 18.16Amines8 min
- 18.17Polymers9 min
19BiochemistryCarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.0/8
- 19.1The Human Genome Project7 min
- 19.2The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components8 min
- 19.3Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber10 min
- 19.4Lipids10 min
- 19.5Proteins10 min
- 19.6Protein Structure10 min
- 19.7Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints9 min
- 19.8DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis12 min